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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pediatricjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Архив педиатрии и детской хирургии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Archives of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2949-4664</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-6783</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИКИ детства Минздрава Московской области</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.66825/2949-4664-apps-4-1-72-84</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pediatricjournal-268</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эволюция устойчивости к пенициллину и макролидам у вакцинных серотипов Streptococcus pneumoniae (6B, 9V, 19F) в эпоху конъюгированных вакцин</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evolution of penicillin and macrolide resistance in vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (6B, 9V, 19F) in the era of conjugate vaccines</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5540-924X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бочарова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bocharova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бочарова Ксения Александровна, д.м.н., заведующий кафедрой микробиологии и вирусологии с курсом клинической иммунологии</p><p>308015, г. Белгород, ул. Победы, д. 85</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ksenia A. Bocharova, Dr. Sci (Med.), Head of the Department of Microbiology and Virology with the Course of Clinical Immunology</p><p>85 Pobedy st., Belgorod, 308015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bocharova_k@bsuedu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5834-9320</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурцев</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burtsev</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бурцев Андрей Русланович, ординатор первого года подготовки медицинского института</p><p>308015, г. Белгород, ул. Победы, д. 85</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey R. Burtsev, first-year resident</p><p>85 Pobedy st., Belgorod, 308015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andreyburtsev31@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belgorod State National Research University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бочарова К.А., Бурцев А.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бочарова К.А., Бурцев А.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bocharova K.A., Burtsev A.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nikid.ru/jour/article/view/268">https://journal.nikid.ru/jour/article/view/268</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Серотипы 6B, 9V и 19F Streptococcus pneumoniae традиционно ассоциируются с повышенной устойчивостью к бета-лактамам и макролидам, формированием множественной лекарственной устойчивости и высокой эпидемиологической значимостью. В обзоре проанализированы молекулярно-генетические механизмы резистентности, эволюция устойчивости в эпоху внедрения конъюгированных пневмококковых вакцин (PCV7, PCV10, PCV13), региональные особенности распространения данных серотипов и их клиническое значение, включая детальные данные по Российской Федерации.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Систематический анализ эволюции антибиотикорезистентности у вакцинных серотипов Streptococcus pneumoniae 6B, 9V и 19F в контексте глобального внедрения конъюгированных пневмококковых вакцин, изучение молекулярно-генетических механизмов устойчивости к пенициллину и макролидам, региональных особенностей распространения данных серотипов, роли клональных комплексов в распространении резистентности, а также оценка клинических последствий и перспектив разработки новых терапевтических стратегий.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен систематический обзор опубликованной литературы с использование баз данных PubMed, Scopus, eLibrary и Web of Science за период 2020–2026 годов. Критерии отбора: публикации на русском и английском языках, посвященные данным национальных систем надзора за инвазивными пневмококковыми инфекциями из Европы, Северной Америки, Азии и России, а также результаты молекулярно-эпидемиологических исследований с использованием методов ПЦР, секвенирования генов капсулы, анализа генов пенициллин-связывающих белков pbp1a, pbp2x и pbp2b, выявления генов резистентности к макролидам erm(B) и mef(A) и клонального типирования методом многолокусной последовательной типизации.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На основании анализа литературных данных  установлено, что серотип 6B традиционно ассоциирован с клональным комплексом ST81 и демонстрирует умеренную устойчивость к пенициллину с МПК 0,12–1 мг/л при частоте макролидной резистентности 50–70% и преобладанием MLSB-фенотипа, обусловленного геном erm(B), при этом после внедрения PCV7 и PCV13 отмечено существенное снижение частоты серотипа в развитых странах с высоким охватом вакцинации, однако сохраняется серогрупповая динамика с замещением на серотип 6C, не включенный в вакцины; серотип 9V выделен как маркер выраженной множественной лекарственной устойчивости с доминированием клона ST156, характеризующегося высокими МПК к пенициллину до 3 мг/л и экстремальными значениями МПК по эритромицину, превышающими 256 мг/л при более чем 90% изолятов с MLSB-фенотипом и частотой МЛУ свыше 50%; серотип 19F сформировал глобальное резистентное ядро пневмококковой популяции благодаря клональному комплексу ST271/CC271, демонстрирующему 100%-ю устойчивость к эритромицину, 94%-ю к клиндамицину, 92%-ю к тетрациклину и 76,6%-ю к цефотаксиму при сочетании тройных мозаичных pbp-генов с генами erm(B), mef(A), tet(M) и cat, резистентная мутация на удачном генетическом фоне обеспечивает минимальные фитнес-косты резистентности и устойчивое глобальное распространение независимо от вакцинного давления; выявлено значительное региональное различие в сохранении целевых серотипов с наибольшим снижением в Северной Америке и Западной Европе с охватом вакцинации свыше 90% и сохранением высокой циркуляции в азиатских странах, включая Китай, Индию и Россию, где серотип 19F сохраняет лидирующие позиции среди инвазивных изолятов с устойчивостью к макролидам до 85% и пенициллину до 60%; продемонстрировано, что феномен серотип-замещения привел к распространению высокорезистентных невакцинных серотипов 19A и 6C с профилями резистентности, сопоставимыми с вакцинными серотипами; установлена клиническая значимость выделения серотипов 9V и 19F как прогностических маркеров множественной лекарственной устойчивости, требующих эмпирической терапии резервными антибиотиками; показано, что расширение валентности вакцин до PCV20, включившее серотип 19F, наряду с другими резистентными серотипами создает основу для контроля распространения антибиотикорезистентных пневмококков при условии сохранения молекулярного эпидемиологического надзора, включающего клональное типирование и анализ механизмов резистентности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Serotypes 6B, 9V and 19F of Streptococcus pneumoniae are traditionally associated with increased resistance to beta-lactams and macrolides, the development of multidrug resistance (MDR), and high epidemiological significance. This review systematically analyses the molecular genetic mechanisms of resistance, the evolution of resistance in the era of conjugated pneumococcal vaccines (PCV7, PCV10, PCV13), regional patterns of dissemination of these serotypes, and their clinical significance, including detailed data for the Russianian Federation.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective of the study</title><p>Objective of the study. A systematic analysis of the evolution of antibiotic resistance in vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae 6B, 9V, and 19F in the context of the global introduction of conjugated pneumococcal vaccines; the study of molecular genetic mechanisms of resistance to penicillin and macrolides; regional patterns of dissemination of these serotypes; the role of clonal complexes in the spread of resistance; and an assessment of clinical implications and prospects for developing new therapeutic strategies.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A systematic review of published literature was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, eLibrary, and Web of Science databases for the period 2020–2026. Selection criteria included publications in Russia and English on national surveillance systems for invasive pneumococcal infections in Europe, North America, Asia, and Russia, as well as results of molecular epidemiological studies using PCR methods, capsular gene sequencing, analysis of penicillin-binding protein genes (pbp1a, pbp2x, and pbp2b), detection of macrolide resistance genes (erm(B) and mef(A)), and clonal typing by multilocus sequence typing.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Based on the analysis of literature data, it was established that Serotype 6B is traditionally associated with the clonal complex ST81 and demonstrates moderate resistance to penicillin with an MIC of 0,12–1 mg/L, a macrolide resistance rate of 50–70%, and predominance of the MLSB phenotype caused by the erm(B) gene. After the introduction of PCV7 and PCV13, a significant decrease in the frequency of this serotype was observed in developed countries with high vaccination coverage. However, serogroup dynamics persist, with replacement by serotype 6C, which is not included in vaccines. Serotype 9V was identified as a marker of pronounced multidrug resistance, dominated by the ST156 clone. This clone is characterised by high penicillin MICs of up to 3 mg/L and extreme erythromycin MICs exceeding 256 mg/L. More than 90% of isolates exhibit the MLSB phenotype, and the MDR rate exceeds 50%. Serotype 19F has formed a global resistant core of the pneumococcal population due to the clonal complex ST271/CC271. This complex demonstrates 100% resistance to erythromycin, 94% to clindamycin, 92% to tetracycline, and 76,6% to cefotaxime. It combines triple mosaic pbp genes with erm(B), mef(A), tet(M), and cat. A resistant mutation on a “favourable” genetic background ensures minimal fitness costs of resistance and stable global spread, regardless of vaccine pressure. Significant regional differences were identified in the persistence of target serotypes, with the greatest decline observed in North America and Western Europe (vaccination coverage &gt; 90%) and continued high circulation in Asian countries, including China, India, and Russia. In these regions, serotype 19F remains a leading cause among invasive isolates, with macrolide resistance rates of up to 85% and penicillin resistance of up to 60%. It was demonstrated that the phenomenon of serotype replacement has led to the spread of highly resistant non-vaccine serotypes 19A and 6C, with resistance profiles comparable to those of vaccine serotypes. The clinical significance of detecting serotypes 9V and 19F as prognostic markers of multidrug resistance was established, necessitating empirical therapy with reserve antibiotics. It was shown that expanding vaccine valency to PCV20 – which includes serotype 19F along with other resistant serotypes – provides a basis for controlling the spread of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci, provided that molecular epidemiological surveillance, including clonal typing and analysis of resistance mechanisms, is maintained.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>серотипы 6B</kwd><kwd>9V</kwd><kwd>19F</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>пенициллин</kwd><kwd>макролиды</kwd><kwd>множественная лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>серотип-замещение</kwd><kwd>конъюгированные вакцины</kwd><kwd>пенициллин-связывающие белки</kwd><kwd>erm(B)</kwd><kwd>mef(A)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>serotypes 6B</kwd><kwd>9V</kwd><kwd>19F</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>penicillin</kwd><kwd>macrolides</kwd><kwd>multidrug resistance</kwd><kwd>serotype substitution</kwd><kwd>conjugate vaccines</kwd><kwd>penicillin-binding proteins</kwd><kwd>erm(B)</kwd><kwd>mef(A)</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obolski U., et al. 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