Continuous glucose monitoring in newborns: current approaches, technologies and clinical relevance

Glucose homeostasis disorders – hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are among the most common metabolic disturbances in the neonatal period and are independently associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The growing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is reshaping dysglycemia detection, yet its place in neonatology remains incompletely defined.

Aim. To summarise current evidence on the pathophysiology of neonatal glucose disorders, diagnostic thresholds, intermittent and continuous glucose monitoring methods, and the impact of feeding strategies and clinical management on short- and long-term outcomes.

Materials and methods. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library and eLIBRARY were searched for publications from 2000 to 2025 using the keywords: neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal hyperglycemia, continuous glucose monitoring, preterm, feeding, neurodevelopment. Clinical practice guidelines (AAP, PES, ESPGHAN, draft Russian national guidelines 2024), systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised and cohort studies and expert consensuses were included.

Results. Glucose thresholds for hypoglycemia vary across guidance documents (2.2–2.6 mmol/L per AAP, ≥ 2.8 mmol/L per PES during the first 48 hours of life) and should be selected according to clinical context and postnatal age. CGM increases the detection of hypoglycemic events 2- to 8-fold – most of them asymptomatic and nocturnal – shortens the cumulative duration of dysglycemia, and when combined with decision-support algorithms reduces glycemic variability in extremely preterm infants. Timely breastfeeding and supervised dextrose gel are comparable to intravenous glucose infusion for managing asymptomatic hypoglycemia, while reducing mother–infant separation. Limitations remain related to CGM accuracy at low glucose concentrations and the paucity of randomised data on long-term neurocognitive outcomes.

Conclusion. Implementation of CGM in neonatal units is justified in high-risk groups, provided that devices are validated, response algorithms are standardised and CGM data are integrated into clinical decision-making. Future research should define target glycemic ranges, evaluate long-term outcomes and assess cost-effectiveness.

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